DEFinitiON
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
Categories of Psychoactive drugs
DEpressants |
Depressants interfere with the neurotransmission of the brain by slowing the sympathetic nervous system activity which often leads to slurred speech, slowed reaction, and a deterioration of skilled performance. In addition, depressants increase GABA, a neurotransmitter that relaxes, causes motor skill impairment, and impaired judgement. Lastly, depressants suppress REM sleep, causing a distruption in the processing of recent experiences into long-term memories.
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Stimulants |
Stimulants interfere with the neurotransmission of the brain by temporarily exciting neural activity, which arouses the body's functions. Although this is not always bad, as with caffeine, it does alter the brain's normal processes. It can lead to the dilation of pupils, increases heart and breathing rates, and a diminished appetite. In addition, stimulants, such as methamphetaminem trigges the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that stimulates brain cells to enhance energy and mood. With continued use, these stimulants can reduce the person's baseline dopamine levels, leaving the person in a permanently depressed mood. Lastly, some stimulants such as nicotine stimulate the central nervous system to release neurotransmitters that calm anxiety and reduce sensitivity to pain. For example, nicotine stimulates the reduce of dopamine and opioids, which lead to the calming and addiction.
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Hallucinogens |
Hallucinogens interfere with the neurotransmission of the brain because they are chemically similar to a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which leads to a euphoria, panic, or extreme sensory deprivation. In addition, some hallucinogens, such as marijuana, disinhibits some neural transmissions, and therefore, it amplifys sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells. It lingers in the bloodstream for months, as well. Lastly, some hallucinogens disrupt memory formation and interferes with immediate recall of information. Continued use of these drugs is associated with a shrinkage of brain areas that process memories and emotions.
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